PPARδ agonist comes up often in conversation and rarely with the context attached. Here we lay out the basics in order, then work through the practical considerations.
Updated 2025-08-06. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
In laboratory settings, cardarine is studied as a tool compound for probing PPARδ biology. Published experiments often use cell cultures, rodent models, or isolated tissues. Some investigations focus on metabolic effects, while others assess potential risks such as carcinogenicity observed in long-term animal studies. Because human trials are sparse, most knowledge comes from preclinical work and adverse event reports. Scientific literature frequently notes the gap between animal findings and human outcomes. The compound is not a dietary supplement and is not intended for human consumption.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound developed in the 1990s through research collaborations involving GlaxoSmithKline. It belongs to a class of molecules known as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Early studies explored its effects on lipid metabolism and energy expenditure in animal models. The compound was never approved as a human medicine, and clinical development was discontinued. In the years since, it has appeared in fitness and bodybuilding communities as a performance-enhancing substance. Regulatory agencies classify it as an unapproved drug.
A common misconception is that cardarine has been proven safe for human use. In reality, human clinical data are limited, and long-term animal studies have raised concerns about cancer. Another misconception is that it is a supplement or vitamin-like compound. It is a synthetic research chemical with no approved medical indication. Scientific discussion often focuses on its mechanism and detection rather than therapeutic use. Regulatory and anti-doping literature treats it primarily as a prohibited substance.
Cardarine is explicitly prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency under the class of PPARδ agonists. Its presence in urine or blood samples can be detected using mass spectrometry-based methods, often liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Athletes who test positive may face sanctions, including bans from competition. The compound is also regulated as a prescription-only or unapproved drug in many countries. Enforcement varies by jurisdiction, and some regions treat it as a controlled substance. Online sales may occur despite these restrictions, creating quality and legal risks.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| CAS Registry Number | 317318-70-0 | Unique identifier for the compound. |
| Chemical class | PPARδ agonist | Synthetic ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Typical form of research-grade material. |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Poorly soluble in water. |
| Typical storage | -20°C | Recommended for long-term storage of stock solutions. |
The pharmacological interest in cardarine centers on PPARδ activation and its downstream effects on lipid handling and mitochondrial function. In animal studies, PPARδ agonists have been associated with changes in exercise endurance and fatty acid utilization, though results vary by model and protocol. Human data remain sparse, and the absence of large controlled trials limits conclusions about efficacy. Researchers often describe the compound as a tool for probing PPARδ biology rather than a proven therapeutic agent.
Safety discussions about cardarine frequently cite rodent carcinogenicity findings reported in the 2000s. In those studies, treated animals developed tumors at multiple sites, leading sponsors to discontinue clinical development. The relevance of these findings to humans has not been resolved, but they are a major reason the compound is not approved. Current literature emphasizes uncertainty about long-term effects and the risks of unregulated use. Regulators and health agencies have not established a safe human exposure level.
Cardarine is a synthetic compound also known as GW501516, GW-501516, and sometimes endurobol. It was developed as a selective agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, a nuclear receptor involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy metabolism. The compound was studied in preclinical models for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it did not become a marketed human medicine. In regulatory and anti-doping contexts, it is treated as a prohibited substance rather than a licensed medicine.
A persistent misconception is that cardarine is a fat-burning drug or a safe alternative to anabolic steroids. No approved therapeutic product exists, and human safety data are limited. The tumor findings in rodents remain a central concern in scientific reviews. Products sold online may contain inaccurate labels, impurities, or different compounds entirely, which complicates any assessment of effects. Independent testing of such products has reported frequent mislabeling. For these reasons, discussions in the literature emphasize risks and unknowns rather than benefits.
Cardarine is not approved for human therapeutic use in any major jurisdiction. It appears on the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List as a PPARδ agonist within the hormone and metabolic modulators category. Sports organizations test for it because it has been detected in athlete samples and seized products. Regulatory actions against marketed research chemical versions have occurred in several countries, though enforcement varies. Availability through unregulated channels complicates oversight.
Anti-doping laboratories identify GW501516 and its metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is the usual matrix, and detection can occur after the parent compound has cleared from blood. The exact detection window depends on dose, formulation, individual metabolism, and assay sensitivity. Because the compound is prohibited at all times, athletes are subject to testing in and out of competition. Analytical methods continue to improve as new metabolites and designer analogs are characterized.
GW501516 acts as a ligand for PPAR delta, a nuclear receptor that regulates transcription of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy use. Activation of this receptor in skeletal muscle shifts metabolism toward fat burning in animal models. The compound does not burn fat directly; it changes gene expression over hours to days. Researchers study it to understand metabolic flexibility and exercise adaptation. Effects observed in rodents are not automatically expected in humans.
Published literature on cardarine includes in vitro assays, rodent experiments, and a small number of human studies. Reports describe effects on exercise capacity and lipid metabolism in animals, while human evidence is sparse. Many online descriptions present the compound as a proven endurance aid, a claim not supported by regulatory approval or large clinical trials. Analytical studies focus on identifying the parent compound and its metabolites in biological samples. Important uncertainties include species differences, dose-response relationships, and the relevance of rodent tumor findings to humans.
Cardarine is the common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound studied as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonist. Researchers developed it to explore treatments for lipid disorders and metabolic conditions. It is not an approved medicine in any country. Early clinical work examined changes in HDL cholesterol and triglycerides, but development was discontinued after animal studies raised concerns about cancer. The compound remains available as a research chemical and appears in discussions of performance enhancement.
At the molecular level, GW501516 binds and activates PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that regulates transcription. Activation shifts expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, energy expenditure, and lipid transport in skeletal muscle and liver. Animal studies report increased endurance and altered lipid profiles after exposure. Human data are limited to small trials and do not establish long-term safety or efficacy. PPARδ also has roles in cell proliferation, so the relationship between activation and cancer risk remains an open question.
== Professional ventures and affiliations == Early in his career, Ariely co-founded the behavioral economics consulting firm BEworks, which was acquired by Kyu in 2017. In 2012, aspiring to develop a time management app that helps people "use time better" and avoid procrastination, Ariely co-founded Timeful with Yoav Shoham and Jacob Bank. The app was acquired by Google in 2015. In 2013, Ariely and Kristen Berman co-founded Irrational Labs, a consulting firm aimed at applying behavioral economics to consumer behavior and decision-making. In 2014, Ariely co-founded the kitchen appliance company Genie with Ayelet Carasso-Stenberg and Doron Marco. Genie manufactures a food "replicator" that cooks freeze-dried meals in cartridges. In 2015, Ariely invested in Qapital, a personal finance app, and was appointed as its chief behavioral economist. He was later named chair of the board. In 2015, Ariely gave a talk at Google about dating and relationships, discussing what women want from men, including how women's attraction to men varies depending where they are in their menstrual cycle. This was one of many talks Ariely collaborated with Google on over several years, including, for example, a talk about how people rationalize cheating. In 2016, he took on the position of chief behavioral officer at Lemonade, an insurance company that integrates aspects of behavioral economics into its insurance model. Ariely's entrepreneurial ventures also include founding Shapa in 2017, a company focused on health monitoring and behavior change.
=== 1982–1994 === The company established its presence in the US in 1982 via a joint venture with Squibb Corporation and Canada in 1984. In 1985, the company introduced the first insulin pen device called Novopen. In 1989, Novo Industri (Novo Terapeutisk Laboratorium) and Nordisk Gentofte (Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium) merged to become Novo Nordisk, the world's largest producer of insulin with headquarters in Bagsværd, Greater Copenhagen. In 1991, Novo Nordisk Engineering (now NNE) demerged after working as in-house consultants at Novo for years, to provide standard engineering services (end-to-end engineering) to pharma manufacturing companies. In 1994, Novo's existing information technology units was spun out as NNIT. The company was converted into a wholly owned aktieselskab in 2004. In March 2015, NNIT was floated on the Nasdaq Nordic.
=== Inert === In China, where IUDs are the most common form of contraception, copper IUD production replaced inert IUD production in 1993. However, as of 2008, the most common IUD used by immigrants presenting to Canadian clinics for removal of IUDs placed in China was still the stainless-steel ring (SSR). Because the SSR has no string for removal, it can present a challenge to healthcare providers unfamiliar with IUD types not available in their region.
=== Research environment === In the United States, research in digital agriculture is primarily funded by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) which comes under the US Department of Agriculture and to a lesser extent, by the National Science Foundation. Two large institutes applying IoT or artificial intelligence in digital agriculture have been unveiled by these funding organizations working together.
== ST == st – (s) Sotho language (ISO 639-1 code) ST (s) Saint Lucia (FIPS 10-4 country code) São Tomé and Príncipe (ISO 3166 digram) STA (i) Scheduled Time of Arrival Surveillance and Target Acquisition STAGE – (a) Scenario Toolkit And Generation Environment STANAG – (p) (NATO) Standardisation Agreement STAR (a) Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (NASA) Simulation of Tactical Alternative Responses Special Threat Analysis and Recognition STAT (a) Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (cell biology) Special Tertiary Admissions Test (Australia) STB - Surface Transportation Board STC – (i) Superior Temporal Cortex S&TCD – (i) CERDEC Space and Terrestrial Communications Directorate STD (s) São Tomé and Príncipe dobra (ISO 4217 currency code) (i) Sexually Transmitted Disease STDM – (i) Statistical Time Division Multiplexing STEM (a) Scanning transmission electron microscopy Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (p) Spatiaotemporal Epidemiological Modeler (IBM-developed software) STENTOR – (p) Satellite de télécommunications pour expérimenter de nouvelles technologies en orbite (French, "Orbital New Technology Experimental Telecommunications Satellite") STFU (i) Southern Tenant Farmers Union Stuff You "Shut the fuck up!" STH – Sonic the Hedgehog STI (i) Sexually Transmitted Infection Subaru Tecnica International STK – (i) Satellite Tool Kit STM – (i) Short Term Memory STOL – (i) Short Take-Off and Landing STOVL – (i) Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing STP (s) São Tomé and Príncipe (ISO 3166 trigram) (i) Standard Temperature and Pressure STR – (i) Short Tandem Repeat (DNA analysis) STRATCOM – (p) United States Strategic Command STRICOM (p) U.S. Army Simulation, Training & Instrumentation Command (1992–) Strike Command (1962–1971) STRIVE – (a) Synthetic Tactical Real-time Interactive Virtual Environment STSM – (i) Senior Technical Staff Member Stuka – (p) Sturzkampfflugzeug (German WWII dive bomber)
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
James Upton (1670 in Wilmslow–1749), an English clergyman, schoolmaster and literary editor. Samuel Finney (1719 in Wilmslow–1798), an English miniature painter. William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898), politician, statesman and Prime Minister four separate times, lived at the Wilmslow Rectory between January and April 1828 to study under the supervision of Reverend John Turner James Tait (1863–1944 in Wilmslow), medieval historian, noted for his retiring, scholarly life in Wilmslow Sir Thomas Barnes (1888–1964), lawyer and HM Procurator General and Treasury Solicitor 1934–1953 Helen Tolson (1888–1955), suffragette, active in the Women's Social and Political Union Alan Turing (1912–1954 in Wilmslow), computer science pioneer and driving force behind the Bombe machine for cracking the German Enigma cypher, is perhaps Wilmslow's most notable resident; he died locally In 2004, a blue plaque was placed on his house in his honour Patrick George (1923 in Wilmslow–2016), an English painter who taught at the Slade School of Fine Art Roger Thatcher (1926–2010), a British statistician, spent his formative early years in Wilmslow Antony Grey (1927 in Wilmslow–2010), pioneer gay rights activist Ronald Brunskill (1929–2015), architectural historian Rod Davies (1930–2015), astronomer and cosmologist, president of the Royal Astronomical Society, and director of Jodrell Bank Observatory Peter Emerson Jones (born 1935), owner of the Emerson Group, a property business lives locally Richard Evans (born 1945 in Wilmslow), a graphic designer, photographer and illustrator Iqbal Ahmed (born 1956), the owner and CEO of the Seamark Group's Asian food business, based in Manchester, lives in Wilmslow John Harris (born 1969 in Wilmslow), a British journalist, writer and critic.
During the beta phase, the game underwent multiple updates, introducing new weapons and a completely redesigned interface based on Valve's VGUI2 technology. Additionally, the official bot, developed by Turtle Rock Studios for Counter-Strike: Condition Zero, was publicly tested within Counter-Strike 1.6 from June 5. After more than six months of public testing, the beta phase concluded on September 9, 2003. The final release of Counter-Strike 1.6 was initially scheduled for the following day, but last-minute changes to the Steam network caused a brief delay. The final version, along with the Steam client, was officially launched on September 12, 2003. Following release, advertisements were brought to Counter-Strike. They were removed after the game was converted to the SteamPipe content delivery system. Plans for Counter-Strike 1.7—which aimed to merge the player bases of Counter-Strike and Condition Zero—were never realized. In February 2013, Valve ported Counter-Strike onto OS X and Linux. It is the second Valve game to be ported to Linux, after Team Fortress 2.
=== Other Conditions === In individuals with primary hyperthyroidism, treatment via thyroid hormone therapy can reverse the hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyrotrophs. Individuals with a rare form of dwarfism characterized by hypothyroidism lack thyrotropic cells altogether, as this syndrome results from a mutation in the Pit-1 gene. Excess iodine present in individuals with Graves’ Disease can induce thyrotoxicosis, which is the overexpression of thyroid hormone. Sudden overexpression of the thyroid hormone is referred to as thyroid storm. Thyroid storm results in substantial decreases in the amount of thyrotropic cells in the pituitary gland. This decrease, if significant enough, can be fatal. However, with treatment, this decrease in the number of thyrotrophs can be reversed.
== History == From 1946 to 1948, the eleven states formed a single British crown colony known as the Malayan Union. Due to opposition from Malay nationalists, the Union was disbanded and replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the symbolic positions of the rulers of the Malay states and introduced greater restrictions on the attainment of citizenship status. Within the Federation, while the Malay states were protectorates of the United Kingdom, Penang and Malacca remained British colonial territories. Like the Malayan Union before it, the Federation did not include Singapore, despite its traditional connections with Malaya. The Malaya Agreement was formulated by the British–Malay Pleno Conference between June and December 1946. At the end of the meeting, the Pleno Conference produced a 100-page "Blue Book." It was signed on 21 January 1948 at King House by the Malay rulers, and by Sir Edward Gent as the representative of the British government. The Agreement superseded the Agreement creating the Malayan Union, and prepared for the establishment of the Federation of Malaya on 1 February 1948. The position of the Malay rulers was also restored. The Federation became independent from British colonial rule and became an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations on 31 August 1957. In 1963, the Federation was reconstituted as "Malaysia" when it federated with the British territories of Singapore, Sarawak, and North Borneo; a claim to the latter territory was maintained by the Philippines.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic PPARδ agonist developed for research. It has not been approved as a medication in any country. It is classified as an unapproved drug and a prohibited substance in sport.
No. Cardarine is not an anabolic steroid; it belongs to a different chemical class that targets PPARδ. Steroids act primarily through androgen receptors, while cardarine acts through a nuclear receptor involved in metabolism.
Some rodent studies reported increased endurance and changes in fat metabolism after cardarine exposure. Long-term studies in animals also raised concerns about cancer in certain tissues. Human trial data are limited, so these findings cannot be directly translated to people.
Yes, WADA prohibits cardarine as a PPARδ agonist. It appears on the prohibited list and can be detected in urine or blood. Athletes using it risk sanctions.