The short version of LC-MS/MS fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
Reviewed 2026-07-04. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Legal status varies by country. In some places, cardarine is controlled under medicines or psychoactive substances laws; in others, it may be sold with minimal oversight as a research chemical. Customs agencies have intercepted shipments, and several national health agencies have issued warnings about products marketed for bodybuilding or performance enhancement. The lack of a standardized pharmaceutical supply means identity, purity, and contamination levels can differ widely between samples. These factors make cardarine a regulatory and public health concern rather than a conventional prescription drug.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound first described in the 1990s as a selective agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. It was studied in preclinical models for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it has not been approved as a medicine in the United States, Europe, or other major jurisdictions. Retail products labeled as cardarine are generally research chemicals or supplements, not pharmaceutical formulations. Because human safety and efficacy data remain limited, regulatory agencies treat it as an unapproved substance rather than a therapeutic product.
Literature on cardarine often separates receptor pharmacology from toxicology. Mechanistic papers describe PPARδ activation and gene expression changes, while safety assessments focus on carcinogenicity and species differences. Questions remain about whether rodent tumors arise through PPARδ-dependent or off-target mechanisms. Another open area is how human metabolism and exposure compare with those in animal studies. Analytical methods such as liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry are used to confirm identity in biological and product samples.
GW501516 acts as an agonist at the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, a nuclear receptor that regulates gene expression. Activation shifts transcription toward genes involved in fatty acid uptake, oxidation, and energy expenditure. The compound does not bind the androgen receptor and therefore differs from anabolic steroids and SARMs. In rodent models, this metabolic shift has been linked to increased running endurance and reduced fat accumulation. The exact downstream pathways in humans remain incompletely characterized.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| IUPAC name | {4-[({4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-5-yl}methyl)sulfanyl]phenoxy}acetic acid | Systematic name for GW501516 |
| CAS Registry Number | 317318-70-0 | Unique identifier for the parent compound |
| Molecular formula | C21H18F3NO3S2 | Includes carbon, hydrogen, fluorine, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur |
| Molecular weight | 453.5 g/mol | Approximate value for the neutral form |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical description for purified laboratory material |
Anti-doping laboratories identify GW501516 and related metabolites using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is the most common matrix, though blood and dried blood spots may also be analyzed. The method targets the parent compound and phase I and phase II metabolites, which extend the detection window. Because the substance is prohibited at all times, athletes can be tested outside competition. Detection limits and windows depend on the assay, sample type, and individual metabolism.
Cardarine is frequently described as a fat-burning or endurance-enhancing supplement, but these claims exceed the available evidence. The compound is not a hormone, steroid, or selective androgen receptor modulator. Research articles discuss it as a tool compound for studying PPARδ biology, while anti-doping literature focuses on its abuse and detection. Quality of unapproved products is uncertain, and independent analyses have found impurities or incorrect labeling. Open questions include whether human cancer risk resembles that seen in rodents and how often non-athletes use the substance.
Cardarine has no approved therapeutic indication and is not marketed as a medicine. The World Anti-Doping Agency lists GW501516 as a prohibited substance at all times, covering both in-competition and out-of-competition periods. National laws vary: some countries treat it as an unapproved drug subject to import controls, while others have specific restrictions on sale for human consumption. It is often sold as a research chemical, a label that does not imply safety or legality. Enforcement actions have targeted online vendors and shipments.
Clinical development stopped after rodent studies showed tumors at multiple sites. Whether those findings predict human cancer risk remains an open question, but they led sponsors to discontinue programs. Human safety data are limited to small, short-term studies that were not designed to assess cancer risk. Reported effects in those studies included changes in blood lipids, but the evidence is insufficient for medical use. Long-term consequences of nonmedical use are not well characterized. Questions about dose, duration, and individual susceptibility remain unresolved.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, an investigational compound developed in the 1990s for metabolic conditions. It acts as an agonist at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, a nuclear receptor involved in lipid and energy metabolism. The compound is frequently mislabeled as a selective androgen receptor modulator, or SARM, but its molecular target is different. GW501516 reached early clinical testing before development was discontinued. It has no approved therapeutic use in any country. The name cardarine is not a formal international nonproprietary name.
Anti-doping laboratories identify GW501516 and its metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is the usual matrix, and detection can occur after the parent compound has cleared from blood. The exact detection window depends on dose, formulation, individual metabolism, and assay sensitivity. Because the compound is prohibited at all times, athletes are subject to testing in and out of competition. Analytical methods continue to improve as new metabolites and designer analogs are characterized.
GW501516 acts as a ligand for PPAR delta, a nuclear receptor that regulates transcription of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy use. Activation of this receptor in skeletal muscle shifts metabolism toward fat burning in animal models. The compound does not burn fat directly; it changes gene expression over hours to days. Researchers study it to understand metabolic flexibility and exercise adaptation. Effects observed in rodents are not automatically expected in humans.
The compound is typically described as a laboratory compound rather than a therapeutic product. Published reports have explored its role in lipid disorders, insulin sensitivity, and exercise metabolism, yet no major drug regulator has approved it for medical use. Commercial samples sold under the cardarine name may vary in purity and identity. Analytical confirmation is therefore necessary when the material is discussed in scientific or regulatory contexts. Its classification as a prohibited substance in sport further shapes how it is studied and reported.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound studied for its effects on lipid and glucose metabolism. It functions as an agonist at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, or PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that influences gene expression. The molecule is not a steroid, nor is it a selective androgen receptor modulator. It is also known in research and sports literature as GW-501516 and endurobol. Early laboratory work examined its metabolic activity in cell cultures and animal models.
Activation of PPARδ changes transcription of genes involved in fatty acid transport, mitochondrial function, and skeletal muscle fuel preference. In rodent studies, pharmacological PPARδ activation was associated with increased endurance and altered body composition. These findings generated interest in performance enhancement, but species differences and study designs limit direct extrapolation to humans. Small human trials were conducted in the 2000s and later discontinued. The extent to which cardarine produces similar metabolic or performance effects in people remains an open question.
Weight trainers often spend time warming up before starting their workout, a practice strongly recommended by the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA). A warm-up may include cardiovascular activity such as light stationary biking (a "pulse raiser"), flexibility and joint mobility exercises, static and/or dynamic stretching, "passive warm up" such as applying heat pads or taking a hot shower, and workout-specific warm-up, such as rehearsal of the intended exercise with no weights or light weights. The intended purpose of warming up is to enhance exercise effectiveness and reduce the risk of injury. Evidence is limited regarding whether warming up reduces injuries during strength training. As of 2015, no articles existed on the effects of warm-up for upper body injury prevention. For the lower limbs, several programs significantly reduce injuries in sports and military training, but no universal injury prevention program has emerged, and it is unclear if warm-ups designed for these areas will also be applicable to strength training. Static stretching can increase the risk of injury due to its analgesic effect and cellular damage caused by it. The effects of warming up on exercise effectiveness are clearer. For 1RM (One-repetition maximum) trials, an exercise rehearsal has significant benefits. For submaximal strength training (3 sets of 80% of 1RM to failure), exercise rehearsal does not provide any benefits regarding fatigue or total repetitions for exercises such as bench press, squats, and arm curl, compared to no warm-up.
== Family == Pedersen was the son of the village schoolteacher Niels Christian Pedersen and Karen Marie (Ane) Pedersen and one of ten children; he was the elder brother of Thorvald Andreas Pedersen (1887–1961), with whom he co-founded Novo Terapeutisk Laboratorium. He married twice: he was widowed in 1916 when his first wife died in childbirth with their fifth child; a few years later he married Ane Thomine Thomsen, and they had a daughter, Gudrun. Gudrun married Knud Hallas-Møller, who later succeeded Harald in leading Novo; their daughter Lise married Mads Øvlisen, who later served as CEO of Novo Nordisk and helped bring about the 1989 merger of Novo and Nordisk.
== Research == Other related drugs under development by Helus Pharma (formerly Cybin) include the deuterated phenethylamine HLP005 (CYB005) and the deuterated tryptamines deupsilocin (HLP003; CYB003) and deudimethyltryptamine (HLP004; CYB004).
== Kinases and health == Given the pervasiveness of kinases, it is unsurprising that mutations in genes coding for them cause many diseases. Myotonic muscular dystrophy, Hirschsprung's disease, craniosynostosis, and chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia are some of these diseases.
National teams April 29 – May 1: 2018 FIBA 3x3 Asia Cup in Shenzhen Men: Australia defeated Mongolia, 17–16, in the final. Japan took third place. Women: New Zealand defeated China, 14–11, in the final. Australia took third place. August 5 – 11: 2018 FIBA Under-18 Asian Championship in Thailand In the final, Australia defeated New Zealand, 73–62, to win their 1st title. China took third place. Note: All teams mentioned here, plus Philippines, have qualified to compete at the 2019 FIBA Under-19 Basketball World Cup. October 28 – November 3: 2018 FIBA Under-18 Women's Asian Championship in Bangalore China defeated Japan, 89–76, to win their fifth consecutive and 16th overall FIBA Under-18 Women's Asian Championship title. Australia took third place. Note: All teams mentioned here, plus South Korea, have qualified to compete at the 2019 FIBA Under-19 Women's Basketball World Cup. Clubs teams November 17, 2017 – May 2: 2017–18 ABL season San Miguel Alab Pilipinas defeated Mono Vampire, 3–2 in games played in a 5-legged final, to win their first ABL title. July 17 – 22: Summer Super 8 in Macau Guangzhou Long-Lions defeated Seoul Samsung Thunders, 78–72, to win their first title. Incheon Electroland Elephants took third place.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Aerospace 9100 (AS9100) is an international standard for aerospace management systems that is a widely adopted and standardized quality management system for the aerospace sector. It was developed in March 1999 by Society of Automotive Engineers. The goal of the standard is to provide for continual improvement, emphasizing defect prevention and the reduction of variation and waste in the aerospace industry supply chain and assembly process. The standard was designed to fit into an integrated management system. AS9100 replaces the earlier AS9000 and fully incorporates the entirety of the current version of ISO 9001, while adding requirements relating to quality and safety. Major aerospace manufacturers and suppliers worldwide require compliance with AS9100 as a condition of doing business with them.
One of the main roles of the INO80 subfamily is the incorporation and removal of alternate histones in the nucleosome. In the presence of the H2A.Z histone, the INO80 subfamily of remodelers catalyze the repositioning and eventual removal of this alternate histone. The H2A.Z histone is found on the first nucleosome at the beginning of genes. The INO80 subfamily of remodelers will also be recruited to the H2A.X histone in the homologous recombination repair pathway. In addition to this function, the INO80 subfamily plays a role in transcriptional regulation and genomic recombination. In the DNA damage pathways, the INO80 subfamily aids in repair, recombination, and cell cycle regulation. The INO80 subfamily can activate the recruitment of replication checkpoint factors and can aid in the recovery from replicative stress on the DNA strand. The subfamily's ability to incorporate alternate histones is important for genome stability, disease pathogenesis, and stem cell identity. INO80 complexes commonly bind to nucleosome free regions at transcription start sites and termination sites. INO80 is the only remodeler that is able to use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to create nucleosome free regions and cooperate with other remodelers to equally space nucleosomes.
Unlike anandamide, formation of 2-AG is calcium-dependent and is mediated by the activities of phospholipase C (PLC) and diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL). 2-AG acts as a full agonist at the CB1 receptor. At a concentration of 0.3 nM, 2-AG induces a rapid, transient increase in intracellular free calcium in NG108-15 neuroblastoma X glioma cells through a CB1 receptor-dependent mechanism. 2-AG is hydrolyzed in vitro by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and the uncharacterized serine hydrolase enzymes ABHD2, ABHD6 and ABHD12. The exact contribution of each of these enzymes to the termination of 2-AG signaling in vivo is unknown, though it is estimated that MAGL is responsible for ~85% of this activity in the brain. There have been identified transport proteins for 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide. These include the heat shock proteins (Hsp70s) and fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs).
However, it indicated a poisoning effect on modification of strontium. Some bismuth alloys, such as Bi35-Pb37-Sn25, are combined with nonsticking materials such as mica, glass, and enamels because they easily wet them, allowing to make joints to other parts. Addition of bismuth to caesium enhances the quantum yield of caesium cathodes. Sintering of bismuth and manganese powders at 300 °C (572 °F) produces a permanent magnet and magnetostrictive material, which is used in ultrasonic generators and receivers working in the 10–100 kHz range and in magnetic and holographic memory devices.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The BBC said at the time, "The tumbling reputation of the former KLA was to have a disastrous effect on the PDK because of the perceived overlap between its political leadership and post-KLA organised crime." A 2008 analysis of organised crime in Kosovo prepared by the German intelligence service BND and a confidential report contracted by the German military accused Thaçi, Ramush Haradinaj, and Xhavit Haliti, the majority leader of the Kosovo parliament, of far-reaching involvement in organised crime. The BND wrote: "The key players (including Haliti, Haradinaj, and Thaçi) are intimately involved in inter-linkages between politics, business, and organised crime structures in Kosovo." The report accused Thaçi of leading a "criminal network operating throughout Kosovo" by the end of the 1990s. The BND report accused Thaçi of having contacts with the Czech and Albanian mafias. It said that he, together with Haliti, ordered killings by a professional hit man, 'Afrimi', responsible for at least 11 contract murders. Thaçi has faced other accusations, such as the involvement in the lucrative heroin trade in the 1990s when officers of the Kosovo Liberation Army and their backers were moving staggering quantities of narcotics through an underworld network into Central Europe. Police had long suspected that illegal narcotics were fueling the revolt in Kosovo. A report to the Council of Europe, written by Dick Marty, issued on 15 December 2010 states that Hashim Thaçi was the leader of the "Drenica Group" in charge of trafficking organs taken from Serbian prisoners.
GcMAF (or Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor) is a protein produced by modification of vitamin D-binding protein. It has been promoted as a treatment for various medical conditions, but claims of its benefits are not supported by evidence.
By stabilizing the transition state: Creating an environment with a charge distribution complementary to that of the transition state to lower its energy By providing an alternative reaction pathway: Temporarily reacting with the substrate, forming a covalent intermediate to provide a lower energy transition state By destabilizing the substrate ground state: Distorting bound substrate(s) into their transition state form to reduce the energy required to reach the transition state By orienting the substrates into a productive arrangement to reduce the reaction entropy change (the contribution of this mechanism to catalysis is relatively small) Enzymes may use several of these mechanisms simultaneously. For example, proteases such as trypsin perform covalent catalysis using a catalytic triad, stabilize charge build-up on the transition states using an oxyanion hole, complete hydrolysis using an oriented water substrate.
== Clinical significance == Soft tissue disorders are medical conditions affecting soft tissue. Soft tissue injuries are some of the most chronically painful and difficult conditions to treat because it is very difficult to see what is going on under the skin with the soft connective tissues, fascia, joints, muscles and tendons. Musculoskeletal specialists, manual therapists, neuromuscular physiologists and neurologists specialize in treating injuries and ailments in the soft tissue areas of the body. These specialized clinicians often develop innovative ways to manipulate the soft tissue to speed natural healing and relieve the mysterious pain that often accompanies soft tissue injuries. This area of expertise has become known as soft tissue therapy and is rapidly expanding as technology continues to improve the ability of these specialists to identify problem areas. A promising new method of treating wounds and soft tissue injuries is via platelet-derived growth factor. There is a close overlap between the term "soft tissue disorder" and rheumatism. Sometimes the term "soft tissue rheumatic disorders" is used to describe these conditions. Soft tissue sarcomas are many types of cancer that can develop in the soft tissues.
Sexual dysfunction, including loss of libido, erectile dysfunction, lack of vaginal lubrication, and anorgasmia, are some of the most commonly encountered adverse effects of treatment with fluoxetine and other SSRIs. While early clinical trials suggested a relatively low rate of sexual dysfunction, more recent studies in which the investigator actively inquires about sexual problems suggest that the incidence is >70%. In 2019, the Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee of the European Medicines Agency recommended that packaging leaflets of selected SSRIs and SNRIs should be amended to include information regarding a possible risk of persistent sexual dysfunction. Following on the European assessment, a safety review by Health Canada "could neither confirm nor rule out a causal link ... which was long lasting in rare cases", but recommended that "healthcare professionals inform patients about the potential risk of long-lasting sexual dysfunction despite discontinuation of treatment".
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
No. Major drug regulators have not approved GW501516 for treating any medical condition. Products sold as cardarine are typically unapproved research chemicals or supplements, so their contents and safety are not assured.
It is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency as a hormone and metabolic modulator. Athletes who test positive for GW501516 can face sanctions, including suspensions and loss of results.
Cardarine is a common or trade-style name, while GW501516 is the research code for the same chemical entity. Some sources also use Endurobol or GSK-516. The names refer to the same compound, not distinct drugs.
It targets PPARδ, a nuclear receptor involved in lipid and energy metabolism. It does not act primarily on androgen receptors. This distinction separates it from SARMs.